Fasting, the Emergency Drill

Even the worst masochist would not call starving a pleasant experience. Provision of food is, perhaps, the most significant motive factor in all human and animal activities. And yet we find that most prophets and saints, since time immemorial, have felt compelled to risk losing their popularity by imposing fasting on their followers. What could be the wisdom behind such a politically imprudent preaching? The conservation of food? The realization by everyone of the feeling of hunger in order to commiserate with those who are not fortunate enough to get regular meals? Probably. But when the injunction comes from the Qur'an it has to have a more fundamental and universal implication, and the answer seems to have been made available by modern science. Within every human and animal being there is an alarm system, and an emergency reserve system which is essential for its survival in difficult situations. Examples of the alarm system are thirst and hunger, which warn an individual that fresh supplies of water and food are required to maintain the body. If water or nutrition is not received within a certain time of the alarm then the process of conversion of various surplus substances within the body, and even within each cell, is carried out to sustain life.

It is interesting that even millennia ago when in most parts of the world food and drink were not as plentiful as they are today, Someone was Wise enough to anticipate that a time would come when there would be enough and easily available food for practically every human being at least in some places. And the lives of people would be so well organized that many of them would hardly ever feel any appreciable degree of hunger or thirst, the alarm and emergency provision systems becoming effectively dormant. If this continued for a few generations, due to the evolutionary nature built in all living beings, the human race would cease to have these useful systems by virtue of its own efficiency. And then, if there was a global natural calamity or man made disaster such as a nuclear holocaust, mankind would be very ill equipped to cope with the difficult conditions, and the entire species might be wiped out. So, that Someone, who also happened to have designed the systems, made the prophets ask their followers to fast and protect the human race from extinction. Anyone who doesn't fast in the month of Ramadan is, thus, not carrying out his duty towards his or her future generations. Also, it is not surprising that most religions predict some sort of holocaust at some time in the future in which only the pious would survive.

The fasting season and procedures differ in different religions. The established Islamic custom is to refrain from food, drink (including water) and carnal pleasures from nearly a half hour before sunrise till a few minutes after sunset during the month of Ramadan, which is counted according to the lunar calendar and rotates through the seasons in about thirty three years, since the lunar year is only 354 days long. The lunar month starts with the appearance of a new moon or crescent and ends with the appearance of the next one. The lunar cycle takes approximately twenty nine and a half days to be completed, and so lunar months are either twenty nine or thirty days long depending on the sighting of the moon. It is possible to calculate and predict exactly when the new moon would become visible at a given location based on the periodic cycles of the earth and the moon; and some times the duration of visibility may be only a few minutes or even seconds. Short duration visibility may not result in sighting due to various natural phenomena such as atmospheric turbulence, wobbling of the earth on its axis etc. It should be a purely individual decision as to when one begins or ends one's fast; but public disputes arise because the first day of the month following Ramadan (the month of fasting) is a public holiday and a day of celebration and feasting, an occasion many politicians and self-styled clergy try to exploit to consolidate their followings.

Even the worst masochist would not call starving a pleasant experience. Provision of food is, perhaps, the most significant motive factor in all human and animal activities. And yet we find that most prophets and saints, since time immemorial, have felt compelled to risk losing their popularity by imposing fasting on their followers. What could be the wisdom behind such a politically imprudent preaching? The conservation of food? The realization by everyone of the feeling of hunger in order to commiserate with those who are not fortunate enough to get regular meals? Probably. But when the injunction comes from the Qur'an it has to have a more fundamental and universal implication, and the answer seems to have been made available by modern science. Within every human and animal being there is an alarm system, and an emergency reserve system which is essential for its survival in difficult situations. Examples of the alarm system are thirst and hunger, which warn an individual that fresh supplies of water and food are required to maintain the body. If water or nutrition is not received within a certain time of the alarm then the process of conversion of various surplus substances within the body, and even within each cell, is carried out to sustain life.

It is interesting that even millennia ago when in most parts of the world food and drink were not as plentiful as they are today, Someone was Wise enough to anticipate that a time would come when there would be enough and easily available food for practically every human being at least in some places. And the lives of people would be so well organized that many of them would hardly ever feel any appreciable degree of hunger or thirst, the alarm and emergency provision systems becoming effectively dormant. If this continued for a few generations, due to the evolutionary nature built in all living beings, the human race would cease to have these useful systems by virtue of its own efficiency. And then, if there was a global natural calamity or man made disaster such as a nuclear holocaust, mankind would be very ill equipped to cope with the difficult conditions, and the entire species might be wiped out. So, that Someone, who also happened to have designed the systems, made the prophets ask their followers to fast and protect the human race from extinction. Anyone who doesn't fast in the month of Ramadan is, thus, not carrying out his duty towards his or her future generations. Also, it is not surprising that most religions predict some sort of holocaust at some time in the future in which only the pious would survive.

The fasting season and procedures differ in different religions. The established Islamic custom is to refrain from food, drink (including water) and carnal pleasures from nearly a half hour before sunrise till a few minutes after sunset during the month of Ramadan, which is counted according to the lunar calendar and rotates through the seasons in about thirty three years, since the lunar year is only 354 days long. The lunar month starts with the appearance of a new moon or crescent and ends with the appearance of the next one. The lunar cycle takes approximately twenty nine and a half days to be completed, and so lunar months are either twenty nine or thirty days long depending on the sighting of the moon. It is possible to calculate and predict exactly when the new moon would become visible at a given location based on the periodic cycles of the earth and the moon; and some times the duration of visibility may be only a few minutes or even seconds. Short duration visibility may not result in sighting due to various natural phenomena such as atmospheric turbulence, wobbling of the earth on its axis etc. It should be a purely individual decision as to when one begins or ends one's fast; but public disputes arise because the first day of the month following Ramadan (the month of fasting) is a public holiday and a day of celebration and feasting, an occasion many politicians and self-styled clergy try to exploit to consolidate their followings.

For Freedom & Democracy

So many people have been fooled by the slogans of Freedom and Democracy that it has become necessary to formulate some rules that can protect people from the false prophets of freedom and democracy. From my own experience, I would suggest the following rules which if adopted by all nations of the world; particularly the United Nations and the international courts of justice could deter the usurpers of freedom and democracy.

1. An instrument of surrender is an agreement made under duress and therefore not a binding agreement. All actions or transactions resulting from it can be reversed without time bar.
2. A law made by a legitimate parliament under duress or undue influence or threat of local or foreign military force is not a law and all actions or transactions resulting from it can be reversed without time bar.
3. A verdict given by a judge or panel of judges of any stature under duress or undue influence or the threat of local or foreign military forces is not a valid judgment and all actions or transactions resulting from it can be reversed without time bar.

What we need now are some verdicts embodying the above principles to form precedents. Would anyone like to volunteer?

The Fish and the Frog

A group of frogs was playing in a shallow pond of water jumping from one stone to another.
A colorful fish, swimming by stopped and asked one of the frogs, “How can you jump from one stone and land exactly on the other?”
“It involves a little calculation,” replied the frog not paying much attention to the fish.
“Like what?” insisted the little fish.
“Well, I estimate the distance between the two stones, calculate the angle and velocity of launch to attain the necessary trajectory, make correction for wind speed, then flex the muscles of my rear legs the right amount and then release them to project myself towards the target. It doesn’t take a second,” the frog was more forthcoming this time.
“But you also move your front legs and also maneuver in the air,” the fish chimed taking pride in its power of observation.
“Aha,” retorted the frog, “the front legs assist in getting the correct angle and the maneuvers in the air are in-flight course correction. Can I go now?”
“How interesting, you can do all that without radar or computer,” sighed the fish and swam away curling its body from side to side.
“Silly fish,” chuckled the frog and went back to his leaping.

Moral: All creatures are born with equal talent but some use them better than others.

IRRITATION

Irritation plays a very important role in determining how an individual behaves in a given situation. A person behaves quite differently in familiar circumstances if he is suffering from a running nose or a toothache, there being a divergence between the two specific cases. Many people would avoid going to their place of work in these conditions not because they are afraid of spreading the virus, but because their changed behavior could alarm others. Irritation may be internal or external. Internal irritation usually takes the form of a pain or itching or secretion or occasionally an involuntary movement of a limb. External irritation adversely affects one of the senses, such as flickering light, an unpleasant sound or smell, dust, temperature or the movement of an object. To someone suffering from an internal irritation or a psychological condition, the addition of an external irritant can be quite disastrous. Even a normal and healthy person's thoughts can be decisively affected by an external irritation. Considerable research has been carried out on the effects of various irritating agents on the performance and efficiency of industrial workers. Fortunately human beings are endowed to a varying degree with an ability to manipulate their sensitivity to these irritating agents depending on their circumstances. Moreover, in all civilized societies there has been an organized effort to combat and reduce the sources of irritation. In most cases the effort has consisted of the implementation of sanitation and hygiene to contain the spread of irritating germs and gases. Landscaping helps to prevent dust, and lately air conditioning is becoming popular for controlling the temperature and humidity of enclosed environments.

The ancient Indian Aryans seem to have recognized the importance of irritation. Whereas the theory of Yoga defines it as the achievement of eternal peace and communion with the absolute, the practical exercises related to Yoga known as Asnas, when closely examined appear in many cases to be designed to condition the yogi to various types of irritation. The six types of yogic purification practices mentioned in the books of yoga are quite obviously meant to make the individual impervious to irritation. Neti Kriya whether done with thread or by pouring saline water through one nostril and making it flow through the other makes the nose and sinus tough and resistant to irritation. Dhautikriya or swallowing a seven meter long muslin cloth ribbon soaked in salt water and then pulling it back out through the mouth does hardly anything to the soul, but does certainly subject the mouth, throat and gullet to rigors which make usual irritations of these parts seem a pleasure. Basti kriya or anima must help combat irritations of the posterior and prevent constipation which is known to produce hallucinations; and Tratka kriya or fixing one’s gaze until tears come to eyes would remove irritation of the eyes. Other kriyas and asnas which consist mainly in stretching joints to limits beyond normal and maintaining the posture for extended periods help one to tolerate irritation of muscles and joints felt while taking unusual postures during very formal or informal encounters. One effect of breathing exercises is to slow down breathing rate and reduce oxygen supply to the brain promoting abstract activity of the brain while maintaining environmental awareness and full control of mental faculties. It should help to remove some of the illogical cross-links of the factual and abstract memories. Moreover, having stretched the tolerance limits one must find it relatively easier to concentrate and control one's actions. However, the effectiveness and usefulness of the improved conditions for analytical activity would only depend on the amount and quality of education and experience that the person has gained in the past. The ability of a Sufi or Yoga or Kungfu practitioner to remain calm in trying circumstances and to ignore intimidation or threat, certainly, has a profound effect on observers. However, some Yoga practitioners can also become quite a nuisance by their ability to persistently impose themselves in spite of repeated discouragement. Moreover, a person impervious to irritation has a greater likelihood of developing sadistic or masochistic tendencies which have to be controlled by other means.

PLEASURE AND PAIN

Almost all memorable human perceptions can be classified as either pleasant or unpleasant. When unpleasantness reaches a certain degree, we call it pain, and then of course there are degrees of pain itself. This work does not aim at discussing the mechanism of generation of particular impulses by the sensory organs in the nervous system which are identified by the brain as pleasure or pain. Nor shall we delve into the physiological aspects of the storage of this information in the brain cells. It suffices for our purposes that a feeling of pleasure is registered in the brain when sensory perceptions indicate things to be going right, whereas pain is identified when the sequence or nature or intensity of perceptions shows that something is going wrong. In this way pain is also related to fear which also has a series of consequential features, such as increase in the rate of heartbeat, seizure of digestive functions, sweating, dilation of pupils, redirection of blood supply etc. However, similar reactions are also observed in the case of anger or excitement as well as fear caused by reading or hearing an alarming statement involving complex analytical functions.

It seems that whenever a situation associated with a feeling of pleasure or pain is recalled in the brain, a brief investigative nervous impulse is sent to the concerned organ to verify the contents of the memory. This causes a temporary recurrence of the feeling, sometimes quite perceptible, and may result in other physiological reactions. We know that some individuals are capable of manipulating their memory in such a manner as to create a sort of closed loop of memory-induced feelings and corresponding reactions resulting in the development of ecstasy or rage. Sometimes these mental exercises may be accompanied by physical actions or expressions.

The inevitable relationship between feelings and memory is quite dramatically illustrated by the phantom pain or ticklishness experienced in a nonexistent part of the body by people who have lost a limb by accident or surgery etc. Sometimes the hallucination of pain in an amputated limb may be quite severe and patients have been found to behave quite hysterically. It can, thus, be inferred that apart from the initiation of a process by anatomical stimuli, the feeling of pleasure or pain is substantially a phenomenon of the memory which is often referred to in classical literature as soul or mind or even heart.

Whereas the feelings of a normal adult are believed to be comprised of internal states and stimuli along with a full complement of environmental perceptions stored in factual memory and cross-linked simultaneously or eventually with generalized definitions in reasoned memory, the feelings of an infant who is still unable to focus its eyes or an individual in sleep may become part of the memory without the accompanying qualifications. We shall term such feelings as unidentified or unassociated pleasures and pains. It also seems likely that at every opportune moment the brain must try to sort these unassociated pleasures and pains along with other pieces of incomplete information to form probable complete sets of information. This may result in unpredictable behavioral contingencies incompatible with all complete experiences of the individual and is commonly termed as abnormal behavior in wakefulness or nightmare in sleep. The act of masturbation seems to be one common way of developing partially associated pleasure experience. Entertainers, demagogues and other similar professionals use suggestion to arouse common unassociated pleasures and pains of their audiences and associate them with the current environment or whatever other ideas that suit their purposes. We also notice that pleasure and pain in such circumstances is often of quite an infantile complexion. Urdu and Persian poetry is full of similitudes involving disparate sources of inspiration or initiation of abstract thought leading to stimulation of pleasure centers of the brain, such as wine server and spiritual leader or wine and philosophical idea.

There are a few corollaries that can be drawn from the above analysis. The first is that people born in different parts of the year must experience typically different types of pleasures and pains during their initial days in this world, thus leaving a common set of unidentified pleasures and pains among people born in a given part of the year. Obviously such people are likely to have common behavioral or character traits. In the past this phenomenon has been confused by many with the coincidences of certain stars appearing at certain locations in the sky during certain times of the year leading to the well-known subject of astrology. The probability of celestial bodies having some sort of a role in the events of the world, and the lives of people will be discussed later. It is also noticed that certain individuals undergo considerable change in behavior after marriage. Commonly this is assigned to sexual satisfaction, release of tensions etc. But it is also possible that sleeping together could cause the induction of many instances of unidentified pleasure in the memory of the spouses which prepare them better to respond positively to situations associated with an incomplete set of stimuli.

In most tradition bound cultures, the pursuit of nonproductive pleasure merely to waste surplus time or money or energy that could be spent in a constructive activity is regarded as vulgar and is looked down upon due to the inability of the individual to find a constructive pastime. In fact, the best forms of pleasure are those that are compatible and coordinated with the physical and logical environment and overall sequence of events in one's life. Indulging in apparently pleasurable activities simply because others seem to enjoy them is hardly a prudent approach to life. In fact, such a train of thoughts can lead to such aberrations as transvestism or gender confusion.

It is interesting to note that from time to time, in almost all communities of the world, people seem to have tried to develop customs, festivals or entertainment events that would saturate the entire community with pleasure thus, at least temporarily, eliminating anger and crime. Perhaps, if all the people of the world could be kept saturated with pleasure all the time, there would be no disputes and no wars -- only if all nations of the world would agree to divert all their military budgets for this purpose. The attempt by print and screen media in some communities to keep everyone in a constant state of sexual arousal by frequent displays of erotic material may have been motivated by the same noble considerations; but the problem is that eroticism also provokes certain desires which, if unfulfilled, give way to anger and crime. It is also possible that in view of constant growth in environmental hazards and nuclear threat since the second world war resulting in a state of universal anxiety in those communities, it may have been felt that life may become intolerable unless a greater degree of abstraction could be maintained with the help of alcohol, hallucinatory agents and a state of sexual arousal produced by pornography as well as changes in clothing patterns. It is certainly possible to trace the origins of psychedelism to such renowned scholars as Aldous Huxley of England and Richard Ward and Timothy Leary, University professors of USA which culminated in the worldwide drug problem and its attendant ramifications.

Fast Felines

Two cats met in an alley.

The first cat greeted the other with a mew and exclaimed, “You are looking younger today!”

“Yes,” replied the second cat, “my owners took me along to see their relatives over the weekend, and drove very fast.”

“So, what did it do to your appearance?” The first cat looked puzzled.

”My master who is a physicist says that if you travel very fast, according to Einstein’s theory of relativity, you age less and remain younger,” the second cat mewed proudly.

“Aha!” the first cat exclaimed joyfully at if it had discovered something, “now I understand what my master says.”

“Huh, what does he say?” The eyes of the second cat lit up with excitement.

“He says,” the first cat narrated thoughtfully, “those who drive fast die young.”

At that point a dog barked nearby and both cats ran in opposite directions – very fast.

Moral: What you mean is not necessarily what others understand.

The RANK Principle

RANK is the abbreviation for “Reform And Not Kill”. The principle was successfully exercised by immortal men such as Jesus, Muhammad and Gandhi. It can be explained briefly in the following way.

If you kill an enemy, you reduce the number of your enemies by one; but at least two of his or her relatives, friends and sympathizers become your enemies. Thus, actually by killing an enemy you increase the number of your enemies. On the other hand if you reform your enemy, he or she becomes your friend and also enlists a few others as your friends. Consequently, you have fewer enemies and more friends.

The winning strategy for yourself and your future generations is to reform your enemies rather than killing them.

Military Priority Index of Selected Countries

Serial No.	Country Name	Population (2002 estimate)	Total number of military personnel (2001)	People per soldier	GDP per capita (U.S.$) (2000)	Annual expenditure per soldier in US$	Annual expenditure per soldier as multiple of per capita GDP (MPI)
1	Nigeria	129,934,910	78,500	1,655	320	23,561	73.63
2	China	1,284,303,700	2,310,000	556	860	24,779	28.81
3	Yemen	18,701,257	54000	346	490	12,278	25.06
4	India	1,045,845,200	1,263,000	828	450	11,217	24.93
5	Zimbabwe	11,376,676	39000	292	590	11,574	19.62
6	Bangladesh	133,376,680	137,000	974	360	6,188	17.19
7	Sudan	37,090,298	117,000	317	370	6,256	16.91
8	Luxembourg	448,569	900	498	43,090	719,111	16.69
9	Brazil	176,029,560	287,600	612	3,490	57,976	16.61
10	Saudi Arabia	23,513,330	126,500	186	8,360	138,366	16.55
11	Philippines	84,525,639	107,000	790	990	13,264	13.40
12	Pakistan	147,663,430	620,000	238	450	5,800	12.89
13	Kuwait	2,111,561	15,500	136	19,040	238,994	12.55
14	South Africa	43,647,658	61,500	710	2,940	32,754	11.14
15	Uganda	24,699,073	60,000	412	280	3,100	11.07
16	Yugoslavia	11,206,039	105,500	106	790	7,962	10.08
17	Iran	66,622,704	513,000	130	1,650	15,336	9.29
18	Argentina	37,812,817	70,100	539	7,690	69,116	8.99
19	Sri Lanka	19,576,783	123,000	159	840	7,024	8.36
20	Russia	144,978,570	977,100	148	1,730	12,849	7.43
21	Australia	19,546,792	50,700	386	20,340	146,191	7.19
22	Malaysia	22,662,365	100,500	225	3,850	27,669	7.19
23	Indonesia	232,073,070	297,000	781	730	5,162	7.07
24	UK	59,778,002	211,430	283	23,680	158,918	6.71
25	Turkey	67,308,928	515,100	131	3,060	20,190	6.60
26	Canada	31,902,268	56,800	562	22,370	145,352	6.50
27	USA	280,562,490	1,367,700	205	34,940	214,959	6.15
28	Venezuela	24,287,670	59,300	410	4,980	30,354	6.10
29	Netherlands	16,067,754	50,430	319	22,910	137,442	6.00
30	Sweden	8,876,744	33,900	262	25,630	147,510	5.76
31	France	59,765,983	273,740	218	21,980	123,475	5.62
32	Qatar	793,341	12,330	64	24,740	137,591	5.56
33	Oman	2,713,462	43,400	63	6500	34,562	5.32
34	Japan	126,974,630	239,800	530	38,160	200,167	5.25
35	Mexico	103,400,170	192,770	536	5,860	29,802	5.09
36	Vietnam	81,098,416	484,000	168	400	1,940	4.85
37	Egypt	70,712,345	443,000	160	1,540	7,151	4.64
38	Germany	83,251,851	308,400	270	22,800	98,573	4.32
39	Thailand	62,354,402	306,000	204	2,010	7,987	3.97
40	Poland	38,625,478	206,045	187	4,080	15,307	3.75
41	Spain	40,077,100	143,450	279	14,150	50,659	3.58
42	Israel	6,029,529	163,500	37	17,710	60,095	3.39
43	Jordan	5,307,470	100,240	53	1,710	5,713	3.34
44	Syria	17,155,814	321,000	53	1,050	2,966	2.82
45	U. A. E.	2,445,989	65000	38	17,060	41,754	2.45
46	Lebanon	3,677,780	71,830	51	3,810	7,810	2.05
47	South Korea	48,324,000	683,000	71	9,670	18,743	1.94
48	North Korea	22,224,195	1,082,000	21	1,700

WORLD MUSLIMS PRESENT AND FUTURE

Based on the actual data for the years 1994 and 2002 and assuming that the trend will continue unchanged, the following projections can be made about the future of the Muslim world.
YEAR	POPULATION IN BILLIONS OF PEOPLE			GROSS DOMESTTIC PRODUCT IN BILLION US$			PURCHASING POWER PARITY		PER CAPITA GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT US$
C.E.	WORLD	MUSLIMS	%	WORLD	MUSLIMS	%	WORLD	MUSLIMS	WORLD	MUSLIMS	%
1994	5.660	1.033	18.25	25,267	1,084	4.29	100	8.98	4,464	1,049	23.51
2002	6.106	1.253	20.52	32,067	1,465	4.57	100	8.97	5,252	1,169	22.26
2004	6.223	1.315	21.13	34,036	1,580	4.64	100	8.97	5,469	1,201	21.96
2050	9.625	3.991	41.46	133,994	8,927	6.66	100	8.94	13,922	2,237	16.07
2063	10.887	5.462	50.16	197,370	14,563	7.38	100	8.93	18,128	2,666	14.71
2100	15.462	13.339	86.27	594,279	58,646	9.87	100	8.91	38,434	4,397	11.44

ISLAM AND THE MODERN WORLD

In the year 2002 there were nearly 6,2 billion people in the world. Of these 1.25 billion were Muslims, 90 percent Sunnis and 10 percent Shi’as. About 80 percent of all Muslims in the world lived in 57 countries who were members of the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC). Detailed statistics about these countries can be found in the Appendices. On average 80 % of the population of the OIC countries was Muslim. Thus there were as many nonmuslims in the Muslim countries as there were Muslims in the rest of the world. The following table gives the basic statistics:

	World	OIC Members	OIC total as World %
Area sq km	130,295,148	31,209,703	23.95
Population	6,106,267,299	1,334,608,993	21.86
No of Muslims	1,252,754,259	1,047,815,624	83.64
Total GDP in billion US dollars	32,067.115	1,465	4.57
Purchasing Power Parity	100	9	8.97
Per Capita GDP in US dollars	5,251.51	1,097	20.90
Economic Growth rate percent	2.09	4	212.65
Inflation Rate percent	2.55	10	395.74
Population density, people per sq km	47	43	91.49

The 57 OIC countries include: AFGHANISTAN, ALBANIA, ALGERIA, AZERBAIJAN, BAHRAIN, BANGLADESH, BENIN, BRUNEI DARESSALAM, BURKINA FASO, CAMEROON, CHAD, COMOROS, COTE D IVOIRE, DJIBOUTI, EGYPT, GABON, GAMBIA THE, GUINEA, GUINEA-BISSAU, GUYANA, INDONESIA, IRAN I.R. OF, IRAQ, JORDAN, KAZAKHSTAN, KUWAIT, KYRGYZ REPUBLIC, LEBANON, LIBYA, MALAYSIA, MALDIVES, MALI, MAURITANIA, MOROCCO, MOZAMBIQUE, NIGER, NIGERIA, OMAN, PAKISTAN, PALESTINE, QATAR, SAUDI ARABIA, SENEGAL, SIERRA LEONE, SOMALIA, SUDAN, SURINAME, SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, TAJIKISTAN, TOGO, TUNISIA, TURKEY, TURKMENISTAN, UGANDA, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UZBEKISTAN, YEMEN REPUBLIC OF.

Economic Power

As can be seen in the table above the 57 Muslim countries that are home to nearly 22 % of the world population contribute less than 5 % of the World’s Gross Domestic Product in US dollar terms. The under-valuation of their currencies and their trading disadvantage can be judged by the fact that although their Purchasing Power Parity is nearly 9 % of the World, the GDP is only half that value. This means that their currencies are on average valued against the US dollar at nearly half the rate they deserve. Although there is much publicity about the economic power and affluence of the Oil exporting Muslim countries of the Middle East, they hardly play a significant role in the overall economic or trading scenario of the world. The reasons are simple. These countries are literally defenseless and have to depend on others for the exploitation of their natural wealth. The following Table compares the combined economic performance of the Muslim countries with other significant groups. Detailed statistics of the groups can be found in the appendices.

Groups*	Total Area as % of World	Total Population as % of World	Average per capita Gross Domestic Product US$	Combined Purchasing Power Parity World %	Total Gross Domestic Product World %	Ratio of World % GDP to PPP	Average Annual Inflation Rate %	Average Population density per sq km	Average Annual GDP growth rate %
G-7	16	12	30,112	44.02	66.5	1.45	1.63	22	1.47
22 Richest per capita	24	13	29,665	50	75	1.5	1.32	26	1.52
20 Largest GDP	54	60	7,556	77	86	1.12	1.73	51	2.05
20 Highest PPP	56	66	6,714	79	84	1.06	2.12	55	2.18
11 Oil Exporters	9	9	1,571	6.00	4.0	0.67	6.73	41	1.08
57 Muslim Countries	24	22	1,097	8.97	4.57	0.51	10.09	43	4.44
22 Deprived Countries	40	66	919	32	11	0.36	6.86	77	5.37
20 Poorest Countries	7	6	175	0.18	0.20	1.11	11.52	42	5.33
World Average	100	100	5,251	100	100	1.00	2.55	47	2.09

* For lists of countries in each group, refer to Appendix-1.