World Economic Change comparison from 2020 to 2012 for selected countries. | |||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 2002 | Analysis | |||||||||||||||||
SL | Country | GDP billion US$ | People millions | Percapita GDP USD | People % of world | GDP world % | GDP/PPP Ratio | GDP billion US$ | People millions | Percapita GDP USD | People % of world | GDP world % | GDP/PPP Ratio | PCGDP Growth % | GDP Growtth % | People Growth % | Change in World GDP share % | GDP/PPP change | |
1 | Australia | 1,537 | 22.7 | 67,646 | 0.32 | 2.07 | 1.62 | 399 | 19.7 | 20,268 | 0.32 | 1.24 | 1.08 | 233.77 | 285.25 | 15.42 | 0.83 | 0.54 | |
2 | Austria | 407 | 8.4 | 48,324 | 0.12 | 0.55 | 1.08 | 206 | 8.1 | 25,361 | 0.13 | 0.64 | 1.39 | 90.55 | 97.56 | 3.68 | (0.09) | (0.32) | |
3 | Bahrain | 31 | 1.3 | 23,063 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.64 | 9 | 0.7 | 11,619 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.93 | 98.49 | 261.59 | 82.17 | 0.01 | (0.28) | |
4 | Bangladesh | 133 | 155.3 | 859 | 2.19 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 47 | 134.4 | 349 | 2.20 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 146.04 | 184.28 | 15.54 | 0.03 | (0.10) | |
5 | Belgium | 498 | 11.1 | 44,731 | 0.16 | 0.67 | 1.06 | 247 | 10.1 | 24,453 | 0.17 | 0.77 | 1.30 | 82.93 | 101.70 | 10.26 | (0.10) | (0.24) | |
6 | Brazil | 2,413 | 202.4 | 11,923 | 2.86 | 3.25 | 0.79 | 449 | 171.3 | 2,620 | 2.80 | 1.40 | 0.53 | 355.11 | 437.84 | 18.18 | 1.86 | 0.26 | |
7 | Canada | 1,833 | 34.8 | 52,733 | 0.49 | 2.47 | 1.27 | 728 | 31.4 | 23,205 | 0.51 | 2.27 | 1.13 | 127.26 | 151.82 | 10.81 | 0.20 | 0.14 | |
8 | Chile | 265 | 17.4 | 15,253 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.75 | 64 | 15.6 | 4,129 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.42 | 269.41 | 311.51 | 11.40 | 0.16 | 0.33 | |
9 | China | 8,462 | 1350.7 | 6,265 | 19.05 | 11.41 | 0.56 | 1,237 | 1284.6 | 963 | 21.04 | 3.86 | 0.30 | 550.47 | 583.96 | 5.15 | 7.55 | 0.26 | |
10 | Czech Republic | 206 | 10.5 | 19,641 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.73 | 70 | 10.2 | 6,874 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.66 | 185.73 | 194.43 | 3.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | |
11 | Denmark | 322 | 5.6 | 57,636 | 0.08 | 0.43 | 1.29 | 172 | 5.4 | 32,112 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 1.61 | 79.48 | 86.96 | 4.17 | (0.10) | (0.32) | |
12 | Egypt, Arab Rep. | 263 | 85.7 | 3,068 | 1.21 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 86 | 66.0 | 1,296 | 1.08 | 0.27 | 0.51 | 136.71 | 207.22 | 29.79 | 0.09 | (0.20) | |
13 | Finland | 257 | 5.4 | 47,416 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 1.17 | 132 | 5.2 | 25,413 | 0.09 | 0.41 | 1.44 | 86.58 | 94.14 | 4.05 | (0.07) | (0.27) | |
14 | France | 2,681 | 65.6 | 40,850 | 0.93 | 3.62 | 1.08 | 1,423 | 61.2 | 23,269 | 1.00 | 4.44 | 1.39 | 75.56 | 88.44 | 7.34 | (0.82) | (0.31) | |
15 | Germany | 3,540 | 80.4 | 44,011 | 1.13 | 4.77 | 0.99 | 1,990 | 82.5 | 24,128 | 1.35 | 6.21 | 1.40 | 82.41 | 77.85 | -2.50 | (1.43) | (0.41) | |
16 | Greece | 246 | 11.1 | 22,147 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.86 | 133 | 11.0 | 12,155 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 1.05 | 82.20 | 84.39 | 1.20 | (0.08) | (0.19) | |
17 | India | 1,832 | 1263.6 | 1,450 | 17.82 | 2.47 | 0.30 | 502 | 1050.6 | 478 | 17.21 | 1.57 | 0.33 | 203.15 | 264.59 | 20.27 | 0.90 | (0.03) | |
18 | Indonesia | 918 | 248.0 | 3,701 | 3.50 | 1.24 | 0.40 | 173 | 215.6 | 803 | 3.53 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 360.67 | 429.90 | 15.03 | 0.70 | 0.06 | |
19 | Iran, Islamic Rep. | 587 | 76.2 | 7,711 | 1.07 | 0.79 | 0.46 | 106 | 66.0 | 1,611 | 1.08 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 378.68 | 451.92 | 15.30 | 0.46 | 0.13 | |
20 | Ireland | 225 | 4.6 | 48,977 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 1.29 | 122 | 3.9 | 31,489 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 1.51 | 55.54 | 84.44 | 18.58 | (0.08) | (0.22) | |
21 | Israel | 260 | 7.9 | 32,819 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 1.06 | 103 | 6.5 | 15,770 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 1.31 | 108.11 | 152.77 | 21.46 | 0.03 | (0.25) | |
22 | Italy | 2,075 | 59.5 | 34,844 | 0.84 | 2.80 | 0.98 | 1,188 | 58.0 | 20,465 | 0.95 | 3.70 | 1.22 | 70.27 | 74.64 | 2.57 | (0.91) | (0.23) | |
23 | Japan | 5,954 | 127.6 | 46,679 | 1.80 | 8.03 | 1.27 | 3,992 | 127.4 | 31,343 | 2.09 | 12.45 | 1.75 | 48.93 | 49.15 | 0.15 | (4.42) | (0.48) | |
24 | Korea (South) | 1,223 | 50.0 | 24,454.0 | 0.71 | 1.65 | 0.76 | 461 | 48.1 | 9,602 | 0.79 | 1.44 | 0.81 | 154.68 | 164.97 | 4.04 | 0.21 | (0.06) | |
25 | Kuwait | 174 | 3.4 | 50,904 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.60 | 33 | 2.2 | 15,098 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 1.46 | 237.16 | 424.07 | 55.44 | 0.13 | (0.85) | |
26 | Lebanon | 43 | 4.4 | 9,729 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 17 | 3.6 | 4,829 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.89 | 101.48 | 149.26 | 23.71 | 0.00 | (0.32) | |
27 | Libya | 82 | 6.3 | 13,035 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.58 | 20 | 5.8 | 3,390 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 284.54 | 314.88 | 7.89 | 0.05 | 0.22 | |
28 | Luxembourg | 56 | 0.5 | 105,447 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 1.66 | 21 | 0.4 | 46,021 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 1.52 | 129.13 | 171.82 | 18.63 | 0.01 | 0.14 | |
29 | Malaysia | 314 | 29.0 | 10,835 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 95 | 24.5 | 3,880 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 179.26 | 230.45 | 18.33 | 0.13 | (0.18) | |
30 | Mexico | 1,184 | 122.1 | 9,703 | 1.72 | 1.60 | 0.62 | 642 | 103.5 | 6,200 | 1.69 | 2.00 | 1.06 | 56.51 | 84.64 | 17.97 | (0.40) | (0.44) | |
31 | Netherlands | 829 | 16.8 | 49,475 | 0.24 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 420 | 16.1 | 26,081 | 0.26 | 1.31 | 1.48 | 89.69 | 97.44 | 4.08 | (0.19) | (0.43) | |
32 | New Zealand | 166 | 4.4 | 37,690 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 1.19 | 58 | 3.9 | 14,854 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 1.07 | 153.73 | 184.71 | 12.21 | 0.04 | 0.12 | |
33 | Nigeria | 461 | 168.2 | 2,740 | 2.37 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 43 | 135.2 | 316 | 2.21 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 766.77 | 978.81 | 24.46 | 0.49 | 0.03 | |
34 | Norway | 510 | 5.0 | 101,564 | 0.07 | 0.69 | 1.52 | 190 | 4.5 | 41,792 | 0.07 | 0.59 | 1.99 | 143.02 | 168.64 | 10.54 | 0.10 | (0.48) | |
35 | Oman | 76 | 3.5 | 21,534 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.62 | 21 | 2.7 | 7,673 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 180.66 | 271.55 | 32.38 | 0.04 | (0.37) | |
36 | Pakistan | 225 | 177.4 | 1,266 | 2.50 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 65 | 146.0 | 446 | 2.39 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 183.75 | 244.86 | 21.53 | 0.10 | (0.09) | |
37 | Peru | 193 | 30.2 | 6,389 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.62 | 55 | 28.0 | 1,959 | 0.46 | 0.17 | 0.61 | 226.14 | 251.48 | 7.77 | 0.09 | 0.01 | |
38 | Philippines | 250 | 96.0 | 2,605 | 1.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 77 | 79.5 | 969 | 1.30 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 168.77 | 224.57 | 20.76 | 0.10 | 0.00 | |
39 | Poland | 500 | 38.1 | 13,142 | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 189 | 38.8 | 4,878 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.74 | 169.43 | 164.45 | -1.85 | 0.08 | (0.16) | |
40 | Portugal | 216 | 10.5 | 20,577 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.78 | 122 | 10.2 | 11,980 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 1.03 | 71.77 | 77.20 | 3.16 | (0.09) | (0.25) | |
41 | Qatar | 190 | 2.0 | 94,407 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.74 | 17 | 0.6 | 28,254 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 1.15 | 234.13 | 1002.75 | 230.03 | 0.20 | (0.41) | |
42 | Russian Federation | 2,016 | 143.2 | 14,079 | 2.02 | 2.72 | 0.61 | 347 | 144.3 | 2,402 | 2.36 | 1.08 | 0.40 | 486.13 | 481.74 | -0.75 | 1.64 | 0.20 | |
43 | Saudi Arabia | 734 | 29.5 | 24,883 | 0.42 | 0.99 | 0.49 | 191 | 22.1 | 8,658 | 0.36 | 0.60 | 1.17 | 187.40 | 284.31 | 33.72 | 0.39 | (0.67) | |
44 | Singapore | 290 | 5.3 | 54,577 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 0.73 | 90 | 4.2 | 21,699 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 1.15 | 151.52 | 221.29 | 27.74 | 0.11 | (0.42) | |
45 | South Africa | 397 | 52.3 | 7,592 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 105 | 45.5 | 2,303 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 229.66 | 279.30 | 15.06 | 0.21 | 0.20 | |
46 | Spain | 1,340 | 46.8 | 28,648 | 0.66 | 1.81 | 0.89 | 655 | 40.3 | 16,253 | 0.66 | 2.04 | 1.16 | 76.26 | 104.54 | 16.04 | (0.24) | (0.27) | |
47 | Sri Lanka | 68 | 20.3 | 3,367 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.39 | 16 | 20.0 | 823 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 309.20 | 316.45 | 1.77 | 0.04 | (0.02) | |
48 | Sweden | 544 | 9.5 | 57,134 | 0.13 | 0.73 | 1.26 | 240 | 8.9 | 26,881 | 0.15 | 0.75 | 1.54 | 112.55 | 126.32 | 6.48 | (0.02) | (0.28) | |
49 | Switzerland | 665 | 8.0 | 83,209 | 0.11 | 0.90 | 1.46 | 267 | 7.3 | 36,739 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 1.86 | 126.49 | 148.77 | 9.84 | 0.06 | (0.41) | |
50 | Thailand | 397 | 67.2 | 5,918 | 0.95 | 0.54 | 0.42 | 126 | 63.6 | 1,989 | 1.04 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 197.61 | 214.44 | 5.66 | 0.14 | 0.00 | |
51 | Turkey | 789 | 74.1 | 10,646 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 0.59 | 183 | 66.1 | 2,765 | 1.08 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 285.04 | 331.48 | 12.06 | 0.49 | (0.04) | |
52 | United Arab Emirates | 373 | 9.0 | 41,712 | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.68 | 71 | 3.6 | 19,628 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 1.60 | 112.51 | 424.16 | 146.65 | 0.28 | (0.92) | |
53 | United Kingdom | 2,630 | 63.7 | 41,295 | 0.90 | 3.55 | 1.10 | 1,557 | 59.2 | 26,286 | 0.97 | 4.86 | 1.56 | 57.10 | 68.92 | 7.53 | (1.31) | (0.46) | |
54 | United States | 16,163 | 314.1 | 51,457 | 4.43 | 21.80 | 0.97 | 10,446 | 288.5 | 36,210 | 4.72 | 32.57 | 1.54 | 42.11 | 54.74 | 8.89 | (10.78) | (0.57) | |
55 | Venezuela, RB | 381 | 29.9 | 12,772 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.73 | 94 | 24.9 | 3,787 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.68 | 237.23 | 304.17 | 19.85 | 0.22 | 0.04 | |
56 | Vietnam | 156 | 88.8 | 1,755 | 1.25 | 0.21 | 0.37 | 34 | 79.7 | 428 | 1.31 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 310.59 | 357.23 | 11.36 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |
57 | Yemen, Rep. | 32 | 24.9 | 1,289 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 10 | 23.0 | 437 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 194.77 | 219.34 | 8.34 | 0.01 | (0.46) | |
World | 74,155 | 7089.3 | 10,460 | 32,067 | 6106.3 | 5,252 | 99.18 | 131.25 | 16.10 |
Looking at life without prejudice to promote evolution of civilized human thought. In the next 1000 years, all erstwhile scientific, social, moral, economic and other theories and beliefs are going to be challenged and improved. Join me and take the torch forward.
Monday, March 14, 2016
Friday, February 26, 2016
Islam
Basic Principles of Islam
https://www.dropbox.com/s/nfllefezqrsisyl/THE%20BASIC%20PRINCIPLES%20OF%20ISLAM%20SHOW.ppsx?dl=0
.
Tuesday, February 16, 2016
Gravitational waves
5:51 a.m. EDT (9:51
a.m. GMT) on September 14, 2015
Blessed are those who believe in the unseen (Al-Quran, 2:3)
by virtue of the omens given by the prophet (or scientist). The discovery of
the gravitational wave is as significant an event as the discovery of thermal
waves in deep space which produced a colorful map of the universe which could
have been improved by adding a scale and the location of our earth on it. For a
common man, gravitational wave is a kind of earthquake in vacuum. Poetically it
can be called the vagary of nothingness or thingyness depending on how you see
it. Let us hope that the distortion in
time and space caused around us by an event said to have taken place 1.3
billion years ago at a distance of about 7.63x1021 miles from us has
not changed historical records or created intellectual mutants, and if so for
the better. The best effect of the Gravitational wave encounter on earth that I can think of is that the prophecies of doom may be reversed.
..
Thursday, February 04, 2016
Extremism in Europe
Restrictions on
freedoms of Muslims in so-called secular EU countries such as France and
Switzerland are a matter of concern for all civilized people. Although fully
uncovered women are free to walk on the streets, fully covered women can’t.
According to latest information the Swiss have stopped giving work visas to all
people from Muslim countries. It seems that the messages of religious extremism
and hatred embedded in western art and literature are getting triggered and
becoming active. I have previously pointed out the provocative nature of
illustrations in books such as Dante’s Divine Comedy and various religious war
paintings in Europe’s art galleries. Now I have come across a very disturbing
explanation of a popular nursery rhyme which may have subconsciously prepared
western citizens for religious discrimination and violence.
http://www.rhymes.org.uk/goosey_goosey_gander.htm
Goosey Goosey Gander poem
Goosey Goosey Gander where shall I wander,
Upstairs, downstairs and in my lady's chamber
There I met an old man who wouldn't say his prayers,
I took him by the left leg and threw him down the stairs.
Goosey Goosey Gander poem
Goosey Goosey Gander where shall I wander,
Upstairs, downstairs and in my lady's chamber
There I met an old man who wouldn't say his prayers,
I took him by the left leg and threw him down the stairs.
Goosey, Goosey Gander is a Rhyme with Historical undertones - an attention grabber for a nursery rhyme which uses alliteration in the lyrics designed to intrigue any child. The 'lady's chamber' was a room that once upon a time a high born lady would have her own chamber, (also referred to as a solar). The origins of the nursery rhyme are believed to date back to the 16th century and refer to necessity for Catholic priests to hide in 'Priest Holes' (very small secret rooms once found in many great houses in England) to avoid persecution from zealous Protestants who were totally against the old Catholic religion. If caught both the priest and members of any family found harbouring them were executed. The moral in Goosey Goosey Gander's lyrics imply that something unpleasant would surely happen to anyone failing to say their prayers correctly - meaning the Protestant Prayers, said in English as opposed to Catholic prayers which were said in Latin!
Our grateful thanks go to Stan Evans for the following additional information:
"I read that it referred to the post Civil War period (middle 17th century) and Cromwell's soldiers who marched in "goose-step", which gives the title and first line. Also, the version of the rhyme I heard had the third line as, "There I met an old man a-saying of his prayers". This referred to (as you mention) a Catholic, possibly a Priest, praying and the line: "I took him by the left leg and threw him down the stairs" alluded to the nickname "left-footer", that a Catholic is sometimes called in Britain. The overall meaning was that the Roundhead soldiers were searching out Catholics, particularly Priests, hiding in the houses of friends, and when found they were ill-treated".
Now, if such bigoted, sadistic, parochial or racial prejudices are embedded in the minds of the population through childhood education, it would not be difficult for an aspiring Hitler to transform one of the finest nations into Nazis or for a future Bush/Blair nexus to create the situation through which the world is passing today.
Labels:
Europe,
extremism,
France,
nursery rhyme,
Switzerland
Friday, December 25, 2015
Jealousy
Torah/Old Testament project 'Jealousy" as a divine virtue. Exodus 20.5 (5th Commandment):
Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them : for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me;
The Holy Qur'an depicts jealousy as an evil to be shunned. Chapter 113 (The Dawn):
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
[113.1] Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of the dawn,
[113.2] From the evil of what He has created,
[113.3] And from the evil of the utterly dark night when it comes,
[113.4] And from the evil of those who blow on knots,
[113.5] And from the evil of the envious when he envies.
Sunday, November 15, 2015
Paris Bleeds
Indiscriminate
killing of people (and even animals) is a heinous crime no matter who does it
or where it happens. One can only sympathize with the unsuspecting Parisian who
were going about their usual routines and suddenly found themselves in the
middle of a mayhem in which many innocent citizens got killed and injured. Even
more saddening is the fact that more indignities and curtailment of civil
liberties of the French in general and Parisians in particular will follow in
the wake of this tragedy.
Yesterday
I made it a point to watch BBC and CNN’s coverage of the event as much as
possible. BBC had a constant ticker saying that French president Hollande had
accused the Islamic State of the attack although the gentleman himself had used
the Arabic acronym ‘Daesh’ and the commentators made it a point to put emphasis
on the word Islamic in all their comments. At one time there was also a report
that the Pope had called the Paris carnage a prelude to World War 3. There are
people in the world who might interpret the Pope’s alleged statement as a
divine signal to start a new crusade against the Muslims. One wonders how much
influence Zionists and Hindu extremists have in BBC; both of whom would love to
see a religious war between Christians and Muslims. CNN’s coverage was
considerable sane and sober; perhaps they have learnt from 9/11.
The
irony of fate is that not only the Paris carnage but also a lot of death and
destruction in Syria could easily have been prevented. For months we have been
seeing the pictures of long columns of brand new latest model Toyota trucks carrying
ISIS troops. Toyota trucks are not made in the deserts of Syria. They must have
been imported from Japan. If any of the many intelligence agencies involved had
taken the trouble of obtaining the chassis or engine number of any one of these
trucks, the supply route and the financial support of ISIS could have been
traced within hours. Very strange that nobody thought of it.
Let
us use hindsight to analyze this situation. Al-Qaida, its jihadist network and
Taliban were financed and trained for the specific purpose of confronting the
Communists in Afghanistan and preventing them from advancing towards the ‘free
world’. The ill educated Muslim mercenaries who believed that the pre-Islamic
Arabian culture (jahlia) was the true Islamic way of life did a great job and
not only liberated Afghanistan but in the process also dismantled the Soviet
Union. Quite naturally the Taliban &
Co felt that they had a right to rule the conquered land as per their whims and
refused to hand over the booty to the financiers. The result is before us.
Syria
is the last stronghold of Communism in the Middle East and it seems that
Abubakr Baghdadi was chosen as the new Osama bin Laden for Syria who managed to
raise an army of ill-educated rustic Muslims similar to the Taliban. But as the
gang started achieving military successes, it also declared the formation of
ISIS (a mockery of an Islamic state) which angered its sponsors. The Russians would naturally do everything to
protect their only remaining ally.
Since
most of the lands conquered or liberated by them are still under the effective
control of the US military, I would appeal to them to stop this game of death
and destruction and invest in the education and uplift of backward people of
all religions and races. With signs of extra-terrestrial life becoming more
positive, they would still have a role and importance in a peaceful and
harmonious world of tomorrow.
Monday, September 28, 2015
Red Moon
The Sun turns red twice every day at rising and setting
times, but few people notice it. It is a routine phenomenon. However, people
whose ancestors were convinced that certain remarkable events in their lives
were related to the Sun still worship the rising and setting Sun irrespective
of its color. To me the Sun and the Moon symbolize thermodynamics and Optics or
heat and pure light in simple English.
The Moon does not emit any light, cold or hot. It just
reflects some of the light that impinges on its surface. If it reflects direct
sunlight, it looks white with patches of grey. When it is illuminated by light
reflected from Earth’s surface (oceans) it looks bluish. When it is illuminated
by light reflected from the Martian surface, it looks reddish. The changing
colors of the moon have nothing to do with terrestrial economics or politics.
Astronomy is a subject of study as ancient as nutrition and
herbal medicine. The first astrolabes are said to have been built in Greece and
Egypt before the dawn of the Christian era and the Muslim Spaniards and
Iranians of about a thousand years ago had developed fairly scientific
astrolabes and Celestial globes. It was just a matter of how much time one
spent fingering his astrolabe to predict the celestial events of the future.
Even a thousand year ago it could be calculated as to when the Earth, Moon and
Mars will be in the required positions relative to the Sun to produce the Blood
Moon effect by reflection of light from moon which was originally sunlight
reflected by Mars.
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